The Pioneers
Coconut Grove is the oldest neighborhood in Miami. It was founded by white settlers from the northern United States and Black settlers from the Bahamas who were drawn to the promise of this lush frontier. In 1882, Charles Peacock opened the Peacock Inn near the bayfront. One of his first workers was a Bahamian by the name of Mariah Brown who built a home which remains standing to this day. Other Bahamians soon joined the inn’s workforce, and built houses nearby, establishing a distinct Black community in the Grove called Kebo.1
Peacock Inn – Coconut Grove, Florida. 1880 (circa). State Archives of Florida, Florida Memory.
Mariah Brown House, 3298 Charles Avenue, Coconut Grove, Florida. 2022. Photo by Nicole Combeau. FIU Libraries dPanther Repository
3298 Charles Ave, Mariah Brown House Coconut Grove, Florida. 2022. Photo by Nicole Combeau. FIU Libraries dPanther Repository
Barnacle Historic State Park, 3485 Main Hwy, Miami, Florida. 2024. Photo by Aarti Mehta-Kroll
Barnacle Historic State Park, 3485 Main Hwy, Miami, Florida. 2024. Photo by Aarti Mehta-Kroll
E.W.F Stirrup House, 3242 Charles Avenue Coconut Grove, Florida. 2022. Photo by Nicole Combeau. FIU Libraries dPanther Repository
E.W.F Stirrup House Historic Marker Coconut Grove, Florida. 2022. Photo by Nicole Combeau. FIU Libraries dPanther Repository
Plaque on the Lola B. Walker Community Center commemorating the pioneer families of the Golden Gate and MacFarlane Homestead 218 Florida Ave, Coral Gables. 2024. Photo by Aarti Mehta-Kroll
Plymouth Congressional Church, 3400 Devon Rd, Miami, Florida. 2022. Photo by Nicole Combeau. FIU Libraries dPanther Repository
Exterior of Macedonia Missionary Baptist Church, 3515 Douglas Road, Coconut Grove, Florida. 2022. Photo by Nicole Combeau. FIU Libraries dPanther Repository
A woman sitting in Armbrister Park at 4000 Grand Ave, with a view of the City of Miami Fire Department Fire College (formerly the “Old Smokey” trash incinerator). Coconut Grove, Florida. 2022. Photo by Nicole Combeau. FIU Libraries dPanther Repository
2014 Film:“Old Smokey: A Community History”produced by the University of Miami Center for Ethnics and Public Service Oral History Film Project.
2010 Film: “West Coconut Grove: Past, Present and Future”produced by the University of Miami Center for Ethnics and Public Service Oral History Film Project.
With its residential character, Coconut Grove and Coral Gables had some of the features of suburban life, but they were also unique in the close social bonds people in the community shared. This was not only because, multiple generations of the same families lived in the same neighborhood, but it was also due to a shared sense of responsibility people felt for each other. Eloyse Jennings described this as follows in the film West Grove Past, Present, Future, “People loved each other, we had a wealth of respect for each other.” This love and respect translated into people looking out for each other’s children and showing consideration to all members of the community. Thelma Gibson described this communal etiquette as follows, “Back in the day, everybody sitting on their porch, and we had to go down and say good morning to whoever was out. And coming back, it would be good afternoon. We spoke and everybody spoke to you.”12
Parents who would be away at work did not have to worry about their children because there was always someone looking out for them. To emphasize this aspect of communal child rearing, many in the Grove invoke the African proverb popularized by Hilary Clinton “It takes a village to raise a child”. Federicka Brown remembers that “If someone saw us doing something out of the way and they had no telephones, no connect, just no cell phones. But do you know when you got home, our parents knew what we did wrong because someone had notified them that we did something wrong out of the ordinary. It was like a family. And I just cannot say the word bonding together that help us grew up as young women and young men in our community because we had a concern of everyone in the community and everyone knew each other.”13
While the neighborhood has changed a lot since these early years, the sense of community remains. This becomes obvious as one gets to know the plethora of active social groups in the neighborhood that are working to keep the community safe, strong and beautiful.
1 Dunn, Marvin. (1997). Black Miami in the Twentieth Century. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida.
2 Vizcaya Museum (2020). Black Landowner in 1895 | Black Grove Conversations. Vizcaya Museum and Gardens Website, July 23 https://vizcaya.org/blackgrove/ 21 November 2024.
3 Florida State Parks Website https://www.floridastateparks.org/parks-and-trails/barnacle-historic-state-park/history 22 November 2024.
4 Vizcaya Museum (2021). The Rich and Forgotten History of Black Coconut Grove podcast Episode 1. Vizcaya Museum and Gardens Website, https://vizcaya.org/blackgrovepodcast/ 21 November 2024.
5 City of Coral Gables Website https://www.coralgables.com/department/historical-resources-cultural-arts/history-coral-gables
6 Fallon, Maria Rosa Higgs. (2015). “Bahamian Settlers and the Building of Coral Gables,” Coral Gables Community News, November 1, https://communitynewspapers.com/coral-gables-news/bahamian-settlers-and-the-building-of-coral-gables/ 2 March 2022.
National Register of Historic Places Registration Form for the MacFarlane Historic Homestead District accessed via the National Park Service website on 2 March 2023. https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/database-research.htm
7 Publication commemorating the 125th anniversary of the Macedonia Missionary Baptist Church of Miami.
8 Madigan, Nick. (2013). “In the Shadow of ‘Old Smokey,’ a Toxic Legacy,” The New York Times, September 22, https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/23/us/old-smokey-is-long-gone-from-miami-but-its-toxic-legacy-lingers.html 2 March 2023.
9 “Old Smokey: A Community History” produced by the University of Miami School of Law https://www.law.miami.edu/academics/centers-institutes/ceps/programs-projects/oral-history-film-project/index.html 2 March 2023.
10 “Bathroom Civilization Enters Miami Suburb,” The Chicago Defender (National edition) (1921-1967); Apr 30, 1949; ProQuest Historical Newspapers: Black Newspaper Collection, pg. 3
11 Antoinette Price in University of Miami (2010). West Coconut Grove: Past, Present and Future https://www.law.miami.edu/academics/centers-institutes/ceps/programs-projects/oral-history-film-project/index.html 23 November 2024.
12 Thelma Gibson interviewed by Adams, Janiah (2017). “How do we Safeguard the Grove?” The Miami Times, August 2 https://www.miamitimesonline.com/news/land-owned-by-black-grovites-to-become-active-and-spark-commerce-on-grand-avenue/article_5ddbfdae-7791-11e7-ade9-cf9808e0443b.html 25 November 2024.
13 Gibson, Thelma V.A. and Fredericka Brown (2022). “Commons for Justice Project” Interview by M. Brown, N. Guevara and A. Mehta-Kroll. 2022. 30 May http://dpanther.fiu.edu/dpanther/items/itemdetail?bibid=FI24022201&vid=00001 17 January 2023.